Revisiting the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy in the criminal justice system

This project will undertake a systematic review on the use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in the criminal justice system, drawing out implications for policy and practice.

Based on a strong body of evidence that CBT can be effective in reducing recidivism, these interventions have assumed a central role in the criminal justice system. However, recent research suggests that their effectiveness may have diminished, and that standardised programmes are less effective than non-standardised programmes. Concerns have also been raised that CBT may not sufficiently adhere to the original theoretical principles of the therapeutic approach. Given the importance of CBT-based interventions, this study proposes to review the existing evidence on the topic.

The first stage of this project will explore and clarify the “mid-level theory” underpinning CBT to develop propositions to be tested in the systematic review. Following expert interviews and literature review, the researchers will draft a “provocation” – a short essay raising questions designed to encourage a deeper level of critical reflection. Workshops will then be held where 10-15 CBT experts (practitioners, academics, and people with lived experience) will be asked to respond to the provocation.

The second stage of the project is a systematic review of evidence on the effectiveness of CBT in reducing recidivism. The review will focus on post-1970 English language, CBT-based programmes delivered to youth and adult offenders. Randomised controlled trials will be prioritised, however, well-matched comparison designs will also be reviewed. Recidivism will be the primary outcome measure for the review.

Finally, the researchers will develop and publish a briefing based on these two stages. This briefing will be the basis of a workshop for individuals responsible for designing and delivering CBT interventions, as well as those who have received similar interventions. The aim of the workshop is to draw out recommendations for policy and practice, with findings being published in a further briefing.