Solutions and solubility

Experiments

• Distribution of iodine between two immiscible solvents
  A qualitative investigation into the way a solute, iodine, can distribute itself between two immiscible solvents, aqueous potassium iodide and cyclohexane.

• How can hardness in water be removed?
  The effect of various softening methods is tried on temporarily and permanently hard water.

• Investigating the solubilities of lead halides
  Solutions of soluble halides are mixed with a solution of a lead salt.  Students  investigate the formation of insoluble lead halides, and effect of temperature.

• Making a crystal garden
  A colourful experiment to engage with students over a period of time whilst the crystals develop from the solution.

• Making and testing ammonia
  Students produce ammonia gas and carry out a small-scale, simplified version of the ammonia fountain experiment.
• Properties of hydrogen chloride
  This experiment looks at preparing hydrogen chloride and investigating some of its properties.

• Silver and lead halides
  A series of reactions showing the formation of silver and lead halides, and some of their properties.
• Sodium ethanoate 'stalagmite'
  A demonstration showing rapid crystallisation of a supersaturated solution.

• Solubility patterns among anions of the Group 7 elements
  The experiments explore patterns of solubility among the anions of Group 7 elements with lithium, calcium and silver cations.

• Testing the hardness of water
  Students test the hardness of various types of water by finding the volume of soap solution required to form a permanent lather.

• Trends in the solubility of metal halides - a microscale experiment
  This is a microscale experiment to investigate trends in the solubilities of metal halides.

• Which ions cause hardness in water?
  The effect of various dissolved salts on soap solution is tested, in order to see which cause hardness.